The present research work is aimed to investigate the Pharmacognostical, preliminary, phytochemical and Antioxidant activity of cissus quadrangularis stem. The stems of Cissus quadrangularis Linn (Vitaceae) are reported to have great medicinal value. The whole plant is used in India for the treatment of various diseases. Antioxidant potential of the methanol extract of the leaves of Cissus quadrangularis Linn was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. In DPPH scavenging assay the IC50 (The half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of the extract was found to be 87.5μg/ml while the IC50 value of the reference standard ascorbic acid was 59.26μg/ml. Total antioxidant activity was also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, Cissus quadrangularis extract showed strong reducing power.

A phytochemical investigation of the cones of Thuja occidentalis L was carried out in order to isolate the secondary metabolites present in it. The main objective of the present study is to find out the active constituents that are responsible for its traditional use against human ailments. Octacosane-10-ol-21-ene was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction in pure form. Structure elucidation was carried out based on spectral data (UV, IR and NMR). Antibacterial activity of the isolated compound was determined and both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated against some Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains.

In this present study we carried out investigation of phytochemical constituents, thin layer chromatographic (TLC) and High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) studies of Chloroxylon swietenia leaf extract by following standard protocol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of different solvent in leaf extracts showed the presence of number of constituents in hexane, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extract i. e: carbohydrate, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, coumarin, cardiac glycosides, for the TLC, new solvent system developed for the best separation of the phytoconstituents present in the extract. The solvent system selected for the best results of TLC was the ratio of Toluene: Ethyl acetate (5:1.5) for ethanolic extract and it gives the R_f values of the same. For 10µl concentration, 13 spots were observed at 254 nm, 8 spots were observed at 366 nm and 7 spots were observed derivatization with vanillin- Sulphuric acid. HPTLC studies were carried out as per the methods of Harborne and Wagner et al (1998). The profile of various individual secondary metabolites were made and developed for authentication. This profile was performed at 254nm and 15 peaks were observed. Out of 15 peaks, two peaks showed maximum peak area i.e. 6^th peak with Rf 0.24 value 12.30% of peak area and 10^th peak with R_f 0.64 value of 14.01% of peak. HPTLC finger print analysis developed to help in proper identification and quantification of marker compounds.

To evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of alcoholic fruit pulp extract of SBT in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats. Streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats (n = 6) were administered alcoholic fruit pulp extract of SBT (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (0.5%CMC) or standard drug glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) for 21 days. Blood samples were collected by retro- orbital puncture and were analyzed for serum glucose by using glucose oxidaseperoxidase reactive strips and a glucometer. For oral glucose tolerance test, glucose (2 g/kg, p.o.) was administered to nondiabetic control rats and the rats treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and aqueous leaf extract of SBT. The serum glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after drug administration. The effect of the extract on the body weight of the diabetic rats was also observed.The alcoholic fruit pulp extract of SBT (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) induced.">

Mycobacterium bolletii, a sub-species of Mycobacterium abscessus, a rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacterium is isolated from respiratory and subcutaneous infection. The pathogen shows resistant to several antimicrobial drugs especially to clarithromycin. To reduce the effect of disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. Bolletii pathogen the new drug is to be introduced which is non-resistant with them, for which drug target identification is a beneficial step not only for reducing the adverse effect of drug over the host but it’s also effective over the pathogen. In the present study a novel in silico approach is applied for target identification comprising four different phases. The first phase executes selection of protein data set that were filtered in phase II during substractive analysis having six different sub-phases of screening. The resultant proteins obtained at the end of phase II is subjected to quantitative analysis in phase III and finally Interactome analysis in phase IV. Finally, at the end of phase IV,9 proteins out of 5134 were identified as potential drug targets of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, 50594. As these 9 proteins were non-homologous with the complete proteome of Homo sapiens, gut flora microbes, anti-targets, homologous with essential genes having molecular weight less than 110 kb and are non-hypothetical proteins. These 9 proteins are also found in cytoplasm having more than 5 interactors.

Cranberry (Vaccinium) contains large quantities of nutrients and bioactive phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, phenolic   acids. These fruits are commonly known as berries and for its bittersweet flavour are used as food   source   and has been used in treating a large number of disorders in traditional medicine. This review displays a comprehensive and updated information on the botanical, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of cranberry species to evaluate therapeutic potential of their phenolic compounds. Information on cranberry was gathered by searching of scientific databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scirus, Medline, Wiley, Scifinder and books on medicinal herbs. Approximately 56 compounds belonging to anthocyanins, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, phenolic acids have been characterized from cranberry. Experimental evidences supported that the Vaccinium species have a wide range of pharmacological effects that can be used in therapy of infections in the urinary tract, treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases, periodontal disease, exert prebiotic actions, control of obesity and against influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV). In this manuscript, we reviewed several studies carried out in areas of   phytochemistry and pharmacology of Vaccinium species, especially on extracts and its chemical content which have demonstrated an important therapeutic effect in infections in the urinary tract as well as other disorders related to oxidative stress which need further attention to investigate its clinically effective use.  

The present study was carried out to establish a pharmacognostic standard of the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by determining the pharmacognostical, physiochemical and toxicological parameters. The study has been conducted according to guidelines of World Health Organization and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Vietnam. Alcohol soluble extractive value was found to be 15.66% w/w respectively by hot method. Total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash was found to be 20.37% w/w, 4.51% w/w, 27.23% w/w respectively. Loss on drying, phenolic content was found to be 8.06% w/w, 0.036% w/w respectively. Content of heavy metal and microbial count was found within the acceptable range. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, aarotenoid, triterpenoid, coumarin, proanthocyanosid, phenolic compounds, flavonoids etc. The concentration of shaftoside, orientin, and isovitexin in C. nutans plant sample was 0.69, 0.24, and 0.015mg/g DW, respectively. The above studies may be useful for pharmacognostical study and standardization of the herbal drugs.

Due to long persistence of residual chemical insecticides in soil and their possible entry in food chain, recently there is more emphasis on biocontrol agents for control of termites that are safer and environment friendly. Viewing the necessity for assessment of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin.  On termites in the field, the recommended doses of bio-pesticide B.bassiana were formulated and were applied on termites in the field conditions.  The present investigation was carried out on wheat (Triticum aestivum-l.) var. Sonalika. Field bioassay was conducted and the plant mortality by termite was recorded weekly in both treated and control microplots. The total length of randomly selected ten wheat plants in each microplot were also measured weekly in both treated and control upto 56 days after sowing. All the doses of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were significant in response to plant height for all the time period of experiment. Application of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin also reduced plant mortality significantly at all the growth stages. The damage of wheat plants increased in all the control plots in subsequent weeks. Morphogenetic changes were also observed in termites when treated with entamopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Field study revealed that the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin effectively control the termite populations and their incidence in wheat microplot.

Plant metabolites like phytosterols, flavonoides, triterpenoide, alkaloids are very important for many pharmacological activities. Aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the plant metabolites present in Boswellia serrata Roxb. leaves. For the isolation of the compounds from the leaves of Boswellia serrata Roxb, powder of dried leaves of the plant was subjected to cold maceration with ethanol as solvent and for column chromatography. Two compounds were identified. These compounds were Decanoic acid and Dodecanoic acid respectively. These compounds were identified by their chemical tests, RF values, elemental analysis,  melting point, IR, ¹H- NMR, ¹³C- NMR, UV and mass spectroscopy. 

The plants have vital role in environment and human life. All the parts of plants are beneficial but some have special compound as secondary metabolites. The present study was carried out to quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in various desert plants. All the selected plant contains like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and phenol.  Secondary metabolites are the chemical constituents present in the plant and used in medicines. The results suggest that the presence of secondary metabolites in plant species may be possessing potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

A new bio-active isoflavone glycoside , m.f. C₃₅H₄₄O₂₀ , m.p. 277-278 °C , [M]⁺ 784 (FABMS) was isolated from methanolic extract of leaves of Duranta erecta Linn.It was identified as 7,3ʹ-dimethoxy-5,6,4ʹ-trihydroxy isoflavone-6-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4ʹ- O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside. Its structure was determined by various colour reactions, chemical degradation and spectral analysis. The new flavonol glycoside exhibited potent anti-oxidant activity.

The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive components from the bark of Baccaurea ramiflora. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the bark of Baccaurea ramiflora revealed the presence of glycoside, phytosterols, terpenoids, carbohydrate, gums and mucilage. The dried powder bark was extracted with water for 48 hours and subjected to chromatography. The isolation and purification of the compound resulted in white crystals with melting point 140-142^oC. The isolated compound was further characterized by UV, FT-IR, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. Based on the spectral data analysis and chemical reaction, the isolated compound was concluded as β-sitosterol. This compound has not been previously isolated from the bark of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.">