This research has pointed out the current situation, distribution, influence and solutions in preventing and controlling of invasive plants within the research areas. It has been surveyed in the range of 50km, among 11 towns and 1 uptown in Na Hang district, Tuyen Quang province. The result showed that a good condition of climate to generate aquatic plants: Mimosa pigra L., Limnobium laevigatum… Meanwhile, it is detected that there are 5 intrusive species and 1 protentially intrusive species. Among 5 intrusive speices, there is 1 species (Mimosa pigra L) with the highest range of spread and intrusion in Na Hang district, therefore, the prevention of the growth of Mimosa pigra L. needs to be carried out.

Our common aim in this century is to protect specifically the humanity by making the finished products and by-products less toxic and generation of little or no waste. To prevent pollution at its source, green chemistry is concerned with chemical manufacturing processes to reduce or stop using existing toxic chemicals and solvents, so as to generate zero or least toxic end products and byproducts or waste. To achieve this goal, green chemistry emphasizes to eliminate the usage and generation of hazardous substances by designing better manufacturing processes for chemical products, that reduces the number of synthetic steps, atom economy and generation of zero or least waste.  Several classical methods in chemical analysis prescribed in Chemistry laboratory courses from Secondary to University education involve harmful chemicals and solvents that generate hazardous waste affecting human health. To minimize the adverse impact of toxic chemicals and reagents and corrosive solvents on students, laboratory staff and faculty members and entire ecosystem such laboratory methods must be replaced by alternative Green methods, which are benign to humanity and environment. Therefore, Indian Universities must introduce the effective green alternatives for existing laboratory experimental methods, as some of the chemicals and reagents and solvents used are quite difficult to handle and generate hazardous waste. This communication highlights 13 Green Chemistry experiments for Secondary to Postgraduate laboratory courses that can be achieved without specialized equipments.

The micelles CTAB catalysed oxidation of cyclohexanol and cycloheptanol by N-bromoisonicotinamide (NBIN) in aqueous acetic acid medium at 308 and 303 K show a first-order dependence on [NBIN] and a fractional-order rate each on [cyclonol] and [H⁺]. The addition of reduction product isonicotinamide has no significant effect on rate. The dielectric constant of the medium had a positive effect on the rate. The reactions fail to induce polymerization with acrylonitrile, suggesting the absence of in situ free-radicals formation. The HOBr is assumed to be the reacting species of oxidant. The oxidation products of cyclonols have been characterized as cycloketones. A plausible mechanism, consistent with the kinetic data has been proposed.

Leachate contaminated soils from dumpsites were collected from different dumpsites within the Port Harcourt City settlement and were subjected to physicochemical analysis. The different physical and chemical parameters were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The mean values of the results obtained were: pH (5.753±0.12), conductivity (19,564±6,261 µS/cm), TOC (7.06±1.39 mg/Kg), TOM (12.61±2.33 mg/Kg), NH₃-N (0.592±0.23 mg/Kg), N (0.414±0.137 mg/Kg), NO₃^- (34.432±6.446 mg/Kg), SO₄^2- (22.505±3.053 mg/Kg), PO₄^3- (69.701±13.155 mg/Kg), Cl^- (163.400±36.163 mg/kg), Si²⁺ (1.377±0.821 mg/Kg), Na⁺ (64.516±6.175 mg/Kg) and K⁺ (89.112±16.890 mg/Kg). The high values of some of the parameters is an indication that the different leachate contaminated dumpsite soils had been affected anthropogenically. The observed high values also showed that the soil could be used for manuring of arable farmlands that may be nutrient deficient. Furthermore, these soils have the potential of contaminating nearby aquatic environments.

Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) has been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of depression and diabetes. Various monoterpenes and diterpenes, have been identified from the active extract and has been demonstrated their antifungal activity. The α-pinene is present mostly and was loaded in chitosan Nanoparticles (P-CSNP) by the nanoprecipitation method. The morphology, particle size distribution, Zeta potential, the identification of the functional groups presents in P-CSNP, the toxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated. The nanoparticles and nanoparticles based coatings (ECP-CSNP) were administering to mice for 28 days (2.5 mg/g). Show spherical shape nanoparticles with a particle size of 5 ± .07nm. The P-CSNP showed a binomial distribution in which 81.5% of its population had a size of 3.9 ± 0.5 nm and a Z potential of 13.4 to 14.9 mV. The P-CSNP showed similarities between the patterns of the FTIR spectra suggest the union of the α-pinene aromatic groups and the nanometric matrix formed by the chitosan. After administering the P-CSNP and ECP-CSNP based coatings to mice for 28 days (2.5 mg/g), no deaths were found; the behavioral parameters analyzed not showed a diminution of spontaneous activity; did not cause any changes in the biochemical parameters that evaluate liver function. Cytotoxic effects were not found on polychromatic erythrocytes (EPC) total erythrocytes (ET) and micronucleated erythrocytes (MNCs). In genotoxicity tests the micronuclei in new erythrocytes (MNCs) demonstrate that none of P-CSNP and P-CSNP based coatings showed a genotoxic effect.">

The principle goal of this work is to assess the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Vinca rosea in the streptozotocin actuated diabetic rats. Single intra peritoneal injection (i.p.) of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) was used for induction of diabetes in albino rats. The induction of diabetes of confirmed after 4^th days of streptozotocin injection and rats with fasting blood glucose levels were greater than 200 mg/kg and were considered to be diabetic used in the experiments. Vinca rosea at a once daily dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg with Glibenclamide 600 µg/kg was also given for 28 days. On the last day, the blood was collected from all groups of rats which have fasted overnight by puncturing the retro-orbit of the eye under mild ether anesthetic condition. The statistical data indicated that the different doses of Vinca rosea decrease the level of blood glucose in streptozotocin induced rats. This result indicated that Vinca rosea can protect pancreatic β-cells from streptozotocin induced damage which is confirmed by the result of histopathological examination of pancreas. Our investigation has clearly indicated that ethanolic extract of Vinca rosea showed antihyperglycemic activity due to its possible systemic effect involving in pancreatic mechanism.

Multifloral honey of giant honey bee, A. dorsata (wild) and Indian hivebee, A. cerana indica (apiary) was collected from the Hassan,  Chickamagalur and Madikeri districts of Karnataka and six amino acids characteristics were determined during April 2019 to March 2020. Six amino acids viz., proline (P), lysine (K), glutamic acid (E),  aspartic acid (D), valine (V) and histidine (H) were analyzed in honey of wild and apiary honeybees.  Proline (89.10 µ gms) was maximal from  Chickamagalur in A. cerana honey while minimal of (83.01 µ gms) proline was found in A.dorsata honey in Hassan.  Similarly A.dorsata honey had lowest of histidine (5.97 µ gms) and highest of (7.24 µ gms) in A.cerana from Hassan and Chickamagalur respectively. Lysine (45.12 µ gms) was maximum from Chickamagalur in A. cerana honey while minimum of (38.70 µ gms) lysine was found in A.dorsata honey in Hassan.  Similarly A.dorsata honey had lowest of (17.16 µ gms, 15.95 µ gms and 8.52 µ gms) and highest of (20.95 µ gms,.18.13 µ gms and 10.90 µ gms) glutamic acid, aspartic acid and valine in A.cerana from Hassan and  Chickamagalur respectively. Proline, lysine and glutamic acid of wild and apiary honey was significant at 1% (p<0.01) level, while aspartic acid, valine and histidine of honey of both species of honeybee was not significant at 1% (p<0.01) in Hassan, Chickamagalur and Madikeri.  All the six amino acids tested in A.dorsata and A.cerana displayed quantitative fluctuations in different geographical areas which are discussed in ensuing paper.