This article talks about the fundamentals of liposomes and niosomes that include preparation, characterization, current status and future scope of encapsulated liposomes and niosomes vesicular system for pesticides delivery. Vesicular frame-works are novel means of controlled or sustained release of active principles to enhance the bio-efficacy and get a controlling effect over a sustained period. Liposomes and niosomes are vesicular nanostructures that can encapsulate different sorts of pesticide molecules in delay release approach to a targeted place that increase the harvest yields and improve the harvest quality. It can be frozen or lyophilized to produce an efficient storable pesticide formulation that is less detrimental to the wider environment and thus resolve the current problem of synthetic pesticides associated with run-off, volatilization, microbial degradation, UV- degradation, or residue persistence, etc. So, an in depth study of this novel means of vesicular systems of delivering active principles  is the need of the hour  as it opens up the practical utility.">

Increasing attention, interest and demand by public for a cleaner environment added by government regulations on colour output, industries are continuously putting their effort to reduce the pollution load in liquid effluent. Pulp and paper industries are continuously tries to reduce the colour form the effluent by adopting various upgraded technologies in pulping and bleaching, again certain state pollution control board has maximum colour output limit 100 PCU. Now- a-days elemental chlorine free (ECF) and total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequences are adopted in pulp and paper industries to reduce the pollution loads such as clolur, BOD, COD and total suspended solids (TSS). The pulp and paper industry effluent contains high proportion of inorganic and organic pollutants. The principal colloidal colour bodies include tannin, humic acids and humates from decomposition of lignin and extractives, which are quite resistant to biological attack resulting in their long persistence to the environment. Many process modification technologies and/or end-of-pipe treatment methods have been carried out to satisfy the pollution discharge limit and still a search of proper technology for colour reduction on an industrial scale. In this work, I have done a review on various methods of colour reduction technologies and their recent development for application in large scale industries.  

Nanotechnology has been the subject of trepidation from recent decades and late advances have made it undeniably all the more fascinating. The field of nanotechnology creates novel remedial nanosized materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications and predominantly envelops with science, material science. Because of condition kind disposition and no use of harmful materials, condition benevolence for the amalgamation or strength of nanostructures, the green union of nanostructures is generally well known. Scientists are facing so many challenges to synthesize cheaper, facile and eco-friendly nanoparticles. The natural amalgamation of nano-particles is being done by different full-scale minute life forms, for example, microscopic organisms, growths, plants, ocean growth and microalgae. The various types of endemic diseases have been effectively inspecting with biosynthesized nano-particles with less adverse effects. In the combination of nanoparticles, the physical and synthetic strategies have genuine perils and high harmfulness for living beings while natural technique is cheap, single step and eco-accommodating. The plants are used viably in the amalgamation of endless greener nanoparticles, for instance, cobalt, copper, palladium, platinum, nickel, silver, gold and are potential solution for different ailments. Bimetallic nanoparticles are of strengthening enthusiasm than metal nanoparticles as they show better optical, electrical and clinical applications because of their unconventional blending designs and synergistic impacts of two metal nanoparticles that structure bimetallic. Because of enormous surface territory and little size, bimetallic nanoparticles can be utilized as promising impetuses however bimetallic nanoparticles as biosensors, antimicrobials, in ground water remediation and for medicate conveyance has given great outcomes.

Management of natural resources separately under current conditions is a risk and a danger of loss or disadvantages some of them. Approach to work ecological status of forest area in County Vaslui in the context of its damage by water resources shows that the authors address a topic very current. In order to identify potential influential in the area of water resources on how to streamline forest management, the authors have established important in the present research to determine water quality by taking several samples. With research results from measurements, the authors are already able to establish the current state of things, and to propose strategic development prospects of sustainable forest management for the zone.

India has an agro-based economy where agriculture is adopted by a majority of population. Since ages, crop protection programmers have incorporated heavy and indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides. Although these have been proved immensely effective in controlling pests, they have also raised many ecological and medical problems. To overcome the hazards of synthetic pesticides on man and his belongings recently, natural products, particularly naphthoquinones, are scanned in various laboratories to monitor their role in controlling the insect population. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone), is one such naphthoquinone. In the present investigation it is intended to study the effects of Plumbagin on midgut cells of freshly moulted 24-36 hrs old adult Dysdercus cingulatus. The insects were topically treated with various doses of Plumbagin. The histological study of the midgut involved staining procedures of Heamatoxylene and eosin. Dose dependent Pathological changes which is influenced with time were noted. Prominently the midgut epithelial cells showed a slow necrosis, whereas enlargement in connective tissue is commonly noted. Connective tissue enlargement is due to invasion of the epidermal layer by many cells/nuclei. Disruption in both circular and longitudinal muscles appeared in treated groups. These pathological effects could be linked to a loss of feeding, causing a total shrinkage in body. At the highest dose of 10µg/ml, effects were severe and showed mortality after 2 days of treatment.

The geometry, conformation and electronic structure of zwitterions of phenethicillin-enol tautomer have been optimized and calculated in the gas phase by using semi-empirical molecular orbital method (AM1), which includes experimental parameters and extensive simplification of the Schrodinger’s equation (HΨ=EΨ) for calculation of various properties. The mechanism of formation of zwitterions has been studied and discussed in terms of the heats of formation (∆H_f^o), dipole moment (µ), ionization potential (IP), full atomic charges and energies of frontier molecular orbitals (E_HOMO and E_LUMO). The effect of conformational changes and electronic properties has also been discussed for stable conformations.

Synthesis of plastic pyrolysis oil has been achieved by pyrolysis of waste plastic. Pyrolysis process was applied to waste polyethene in order to break down the polymeric chains into shorter chains carried out in the absence of oxygen in batch process. Exploitation of the process was proposed to reduce the impact of waste plastics considerably. The process was carried at optimum condition of temperature and pressure. Around 78% oil product yield obtained was analyzed by using GC/MS, FT-IR to find the composition of the synthesized oil. This oil can be used as crude oil for refineries, in power plants for generation of electricity, in boilers, and also possible use of blends in IC diesel engines due to low emissions than commercial diesel fuel observed under gas analyzer. 

Solid waste pollution is one of the most concerning environmental issues that influences the quality of life of a population at large and its sustainable environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), solid waste is the non-liquid waste material that is accumulated by humans which tends to increase simultaneously with the growing population. A major constituent of solid waste is waste paper, which has cellulose as a structural component. Enzymatic saccharification of cellulose is an important step in the development of waste paper as a resource for bio-energy and for the development of waste paper as a feed-stock for the synthesis of bio-pharmaceutical products such as surgical sutures and drug delivery systems. Four different waste paper materials were mixed at different ratios and enzymatically hydrolyzed by the Trichoderma viride cellulase enzyme. Office paper showed the highest yield of sugar production when saccharified individually as compared to the other papers when three different masses of each paper material were degraded. The mixture of office paper and foolscap paper at different ratios showed the highest saccharification yield compared to other paper combinations composed of four different waste paper materials. This study also showed that the mixture of all four paper materials under the specific study conditions resulted in the lowest concentration of reducing sugars. It was also concluded that the enzyme catalyzed degradation of mixed waste paper material could affect the amount of reducing sugars produced relative to the amount of sugar produced during saccharification of the individual paper materials.

Thiazole derivatives exhibited satisfactory antitumor activity towards various types of cancer.  The present study was designed to evaluate the bioactivity of new synthesized Thiazole derivative against animal carcinogenesis "Ehrlich carcinoma)" (EAC) in mice through antioxidant status and regulation of apoptosis process.  To evaluate these effects we have explored the Thiazole effect on the survival time of tumor-bearing animals, tumor weight, count of viable EAC cells, apoptosis induction, antioxidant activity, liver enzymes and renal function compared to Cisplatin (CDDP) as a standard anticancer drug. Thiazole demonstrated an inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites cells in vivo by increasing in life span of Ehrlich–bearing mice, decrease in tumor volume and count of viable cells compared to control. Also revealed that Thiazole directed Ehrlich cells toward apoptosis by up regulation of BAX and down regulation of BCL2 and PARP compared to Positive control groups. Treatment with Azole significantly decreased MDA level Meanwhile GSH and SOD Activity were significantly increased Compared to positive control group. While this compound showed hepatotoxicity which indicated that by increases in ALT and AST activities, and slight changes in kidney functions. The anti-tumor mechanisms may be mediated by up regulation of BAX and down regulation of BCL2 and PARP compared to Positive control group. Thiazole is a unique template that has anti-tumor mechanisms may be mediated by preventing oxidative damage, induction of apoptosis and improved animal chances of survival but clinical trials will be needed for development of Thiazole derivatives as cancer therapy.

The active methylenic carbon in curcumin can act as nucleophillic centre for the electrophillic attack of the diazonium salts of different aromatic and hetero aromatic amines to give the corresponding (1E,6E)-4-(aryl)hydrazono)-1-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(3-hydroxy-4methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-ene-3,5-dionederivatives (3a-g). Seven compounds were examined in vitro for their cytotoxicity activities against RPE-1 and MCF-7 human cell lines using MTT assay. The antimicrobial activities of the selected prepared compounds against the tested microorganisms indicated that all the prepared compounds have potential activity against the different types of the chosen microorganisms. All of the tested compounds have antioxidant activity with scavenging activity range from 66.60 ± 0.91 to 101.20 ± 0.52μg TE/μ g sample. The antibacterial activities of the control, as well as treated fabrics, were tested against the following bacteria Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus(SA) and Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (EC).

The present study is based on assessment of pollution level by Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Haleji Lake, to analyze the water quality of water for water supply purpose. However analyses of samples were carried out in composite from each segment. Total 03 samples were taken from different locations of the study area in 2020. The sample was analyzed to estimate for the pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chloride, Phosphate, Sulphate, Carbonate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium for evaluation of physico-chemical properties of Haleji lake water quality. Only three parameters total suspended solids, sodium and phosphate were found beyond the limit. While Iron, Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Chromium, Copper and Zinc were also analyzed for pollution level of heavy metals.  Results of the study revealed that, some heavy metals Arsenic and cadmium were present in water and found the upper level of permissible limits set by WHO. Mostly physico-chemical parameters were within WHO limits.

Abstract: Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), encoded by the GRM5 gene, represents a compelling novel drug target for the treatment of schizophrenia. mGluR5 is a postsynaptic G-protein coupled glutamate receptor strongly linked with several critical cellular processes that are reported to be disrupted in schizophrenia. Accordingly, mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators show encouraging therapeutic potential in preclinical schizophrenia models, particularly for the treatment of cognitive dysfunctions against which currently available therapeutics are largely ineffective. More work is required to support the progression of mGluR5-targeting drugs into the clinic for schizophrenia treatment, although some obstacles may be overcome by comprehensively understanding how mGluR5 itself is involved in the neurobiology of the disorder. Several processes that are necessary for the regulation of mGluR5 activity have been identified, but not examined, in the context of schizophrenia. These processes include protein-protein interactions, dimerisation, subcellular trafficking, the impact of genetic variability or mutations on protein function, as well as epigenetic, post-transcriptional and post-translational processes. It is essential to understand these aspects of mGluR5 to determine whether they are affected in schizophrenia pathology, and to assess the consequences of mGluR5 dysfunction for the future use of mGluR5-based drugs.  Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been implicated in a diverse variety of neuronal functions. Studies reviewed here indicate that exaggerated signalling through mGluR5 can account for multiple cognitive and syndromic features of fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited form of mental retardation and autism. Since a reduction of mGluR5 signalling can reverse fragile X phenotypes, these studies provide a compelling rationale for the use of mGluR5 antagonists for the treatment of fragile X and related disorders. Combinations of various descriptors such as D, ID, IOR, Mr, Mv, Mw, Pc, Pz, St, have been found to be .......................

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